Glucocorticoids regulate fundamental processes of the human body and control cellular
functions such as cell metabolism, growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Moreover …

The exact patho-aetiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remains elusive. An
extremely complicated and multifactorial interaction among various genetic and …

Anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) are fundamental for the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases,
and have been determined by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIFA) for decades. As the …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease in which patients develop
autoantibodies to DNA, histones, and often to neutrophil proteins. These form immune …

Antibodies that recognize and bind to DNA (anti-DNA antibodies) are serological hallmarks
of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and key markers for diagnosis and disease activity …

Dendritic cells (DCs) are important in regulating both immunity and tolerance. Hence, we
hypothesized that systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease …

The importance to practicing nephrologists of lupus nephritis (1–3) is that, although rare, it is
a serious disease whose prognosis can usually be improved dramatically by treatment, but …

A cardinal feature of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the development of
autoantibodies. The first autoantibodies described in patients with SLE were those specific …

Members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family are key regulators of both innate and adaptive
immune responses. The function of TLRs in various human diseases has been investigated …

The following guideline presents a series of recommendations based on published medical
literature for use of the antinuclear antibody (ANA) test and tests for specific autoantibodies …