Inorganic scaling caused by precipitation of sparingly soluble salts at supersaturation is a
common but critical issue, limiting the efficiency of membrane-based desalination and brine …

Many crystallization processes of great importance, including frost heave, biomineralization,
the synthesis of nanomaterials, and scale formation, occur in small volumes rather than bulk …

All solid materials are created via nucleation. In this evolutionary process, nuclei form in
solution or at interfaces, expand by monomeric growth and oriented attachment, and …

Phosphogypsum (PG) is a type of synthetic gypsum generated during the production of
phosphoric acid. Each ton of phosphoric acid generates 5 tons of phosphogypsum. This …

Abstract 20 years since the first report on the biofouling potential of chemicals used for scale
control, still, antiscalants with high bacterial growth potential are used in practice. Evaluating …

Sulfate scaling, as insoluble inorganic sulfate deposits, can cause serious operational
problems in various industries, such as blockage of membrane pores and subsurface media …

Gypsum (CaSO4· 2H2O) is the most common sulfate mineral on Earth and is also found on
Mars. It is an evaporitic mineral that predominantly precipitates from brines. In addition to its …

Four sites in the western sector of Lipari Island with still active hydrothermal activity are here
considered. The petrography (mesoscopic observations and XRPD) and geochemistry …

Although the autopsies of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes from full-scale, brackish water
desalination plants identify the co-presence of silica and Ca-based minerals in scaling …

Living organisms in nature have undergone continuous evolution over billions of years,
resulting in the formation of high-performance fracture-resistant biomineralized tissues such …