Unlike animal behavior, behavior in plants is traditionally assumed to be completely
determined either genetically or environmentally. Under this assumption, plants are usually …

A defining feature of biology is the use of a multiscale architecture, ranging from molecular
networks to cells, tissues, organs, whole bodies, and swarms. Crucially however, biology is …

A growing number of non-human animal species are being seriously considered as
candidates for sentience, but plants are either forgotten or explicitly excluded from these …

Significant progress has been made in the study of consciousness. Promising theories have
been developed and a wealth of experimental data has been generated, both guiding us …

General anesthesia serves a critically important function in the clinical care of human
patients. However, the anesthetized state has foundational implications for biology because …

All plants are electrically excitable, but only few are known to fire a well‐defined, all‐or‐
nothing action potential (AP). The Venus flytrap Dionaea muscipula displays APs with an …

A reductionistic, bottom‐up, cellular‐based concept of the origins of sentience and
consciousness has been put forward. Because all life is based on cells, any evolutionary …

Plants are not just passive living beings that exist in nature. They are complex and highly
adaptable species that react sensitively to environmental forces/stimuli with movement …

In claiming that plants have consciousness,'plant neurobiologists' have consistently glossed
over the remarkable degree of structural and functional complexity that the brain had to …