Introduction: An extraordinarily diverse range of animals have evolved venoms for predation,
defence, or competitor deterrence. The major components of most venoms are peptides and …

Spiders are diverse, predatory arthropods that have inhabited Earth for around 400 million
years. They are well known for their complex venom systems that are used to overpower …

Venomous animals have evolved toxins that interfere with specific components of their
victim's core physiological systems, thereby causing biological dysfunction that aids in prey …

Throughout evolution, numerous proteins have been convergently recruited into the venoms
of various animals, including centipedes, cephalopods, cone snails, fish, insects (several …

Spider venoms are an incredibly rich source of disulfide-rich insecticidal peptides that have
been tuned over millions of years to target a wide range of receptors and ion channels in the …

Spiders are the most successful venomous animals and the most abundant terrestrial
predators. Their remarkable success is due in large part to their ingenious exploitation of silk …

Over 10,000 arthropod species are currently considered to be pest organisms. They are
estimated to contribute to the destruction of~ 14% of the world's annual crop production and …

Molecular toxinology research was initially driven by an interest in the small subset of animal
toxins that are lethal to humans. However, the realization that many venomous creatures …

Scorpion venoms are rich sources of biologically active peptides that are classified into
disulfide-bridged peptides (DBPs) and non-disulfide-bridged peptides (NDBPs). DBPs are …

The remarkable potency and pharmacological diversity of animal venoms has made them
an increasingly valuable source of lead molecules for drug and insecticide discovery …