An essential step in renal function entails the formation of an ultrafiltrate that is delivered to
the renal tubules for subsequent processing. This process, known as glomerular filtration, is …

The distal convoluted tubule is the nephron segment that lies immediately downstream of
the macula densa. Although short in length, the distal convoluted tubule plays a critical role …

Hypertension affects one billion people and is a principal reversible risk factor for
cardiovascular disease. Pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII), a rare Mendelian …

Ion channels are membrane proteins expressed in almost all living cells. The sequencing of
the human genome has identified more than 400 putative ion channels, but only a fraction of …

Bartter syndrome is an inherited renal tubular disorder caused by a defective salt
reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle, resulting in salt wasting …

Klotho is a membrane‐bound or soluble antiaging protein, whose protective activity is
essential for a proper function of many organs. In 1997, an accidental insertion of a …

Maintenance of extracellular K+ concentration within a narrow range is vital for numerous
cell functions, particularly electrical excitability of heart and muscle. Potassium homeostasis …

Potassium (K+) ions are the predominant intracellular cations. K+ homeostasis depends on
external balance (dietary intake [typically 100 mmol per day] versus excretion [95% via the …

In the human genome more than 400 genes encode ion channels, which are
transmembrane proteins mediating ion fluxes across membranes. Being expressed in all …

Fish, like mammals, have to maintain their body fluid ionic and osmotic homeostasis through
sophisticated iono-/osmoregulation mechanisms, which are conducted mainly by ionocytes …