We report progress on the ongoing recalibration of the Wolf sunspot number (SN) and group-
sunspot number (GN) following the release of version 2.0 of SN in 2015. This report …

A statistical analysis was applied to Northern Hemisphere land surface temperatures (1850–
2018) to try to identify the main drivers of the observed warming since the mid-19th century …

Within four centuries of sunspot observations, the Maunder Minimum (MM) in 1645–1715
has been considered a unique grand minimum with weak solar cycles in group numbers of …

Our knowledge of the centennial solar variability is largely based on the time series of
international sunspot number (), a composite index based on multiple visual sunspot …

Strong earthquakes (magnitude≥ 7) occur worldwide affecting different cities and countries
while causing great human, ecological and economic losses. The ability to forecast strong …

Long-term studies on hemispheric asymmetry can help to understand better the solar
dynamo. We present the hemispheric sunspot number calculated from daily sunspot …

Long-term solar activity can be studied using several parameters. Some of the most used
are based on the sunspot counting. The active day fraction (ADF) is the simplest index …

This study utilizes time-series data devised to measure solar irradiation, sea surface
temperatures, and temperatures in the lower atmosphere to gain a better understanding of …

The chromosphere is a highly dynamic outer plasma layer of the Sun. Its physical processes
accounting for the variability are poorly understood. We reconstructed the solar …

Several total solar irradiance (TSI) satellite missions have been carried out since 1978.
None of these missions have lasted more than one to two solar cycles (SCs), and each …