Stress describes the bird's defence mechanisms and a stressor is the situation that elicits the
defence response. 2. As the environment can be viewed as a composite of interacting …

In the past decades, there has been growing evidence for a functional interaction between
the thyroid hormone and the immune system. This article provides an overview of the …

There is increasing evidence that stress affects various immune processes. Some of these
changes are due to hormonal changes involving corticosterone (CORT), triiodothyronine …

In the current study, the authors examined the type 1 (D1), type 2 (D2), and type 3
deiodinase (D3) activity and mRNA expression patterns in thyroid, lung, brain, pituitary …

Prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) exhibit important roles in the immune system
maintenance. In poultry, PRL mainly plays its roles in nesting, hatching, and reproduction …

The response of Peking ducks to supplements of Sophy β-glucan was studied. A total of 160
healthy 1-d-old mixed-sex ducklings were randomly allocated to 3 groups: Sophy β-glucan …

The presence of neuroendocrine immune interaction in mammalian species has been
studied extensively and has been established. However, such an interaction is not as well …

Developments in immunobiology gave rise to the concept that the immune system is self-
regulatory and is capable of functioning even outside the body in culture systems. Serum …

This work examined whether (1) immune cells express thyrotrophin releasing hormone
(TRH) receptor mRNA and (2) TRH modulates lymphocyte activation. By Northern blot of …

Natural killer (NK) cells, γδ T lymphocytes and CD5+ B lymphocytes are key effector cells in
the natural immune system. These cells utilize germ-line coded receptors that recognize …