Increasing evidence indicates the involvement of B cells in the pathogenesis of multiple
sclerosis (MS), but their precise roles are unclear. In this Review, we provide an overview of …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease triggered by environmental factors that act
on a genetically susceptible host. It features three clinical stages: a pre-clinical stage …

Interactions between the immune and central nervous systems strongly influence brain
health. Although the blood–brain barrier restricts this crosstalk, we now know that meningeal …

B cells represent a relatively minor cell population within both the healthy and diseased
central nervous system (CNS), yet they can have profound effects. This is emphasized in …

Historically, multiple sclerosis (MS) has been viewed as being primarily driven by T cells.
However, the effective use of anti-CD20 treatment now also reveals an important role for B …

In the last decades, evidence suggesting the direct or indirect involvement of B cells on
multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis has accumulated. The increased amount of data on …

There is growing recognition that B cell contributions to normal immune responses extend
well beyond their potential to become antibody-producing cells, including roles at the innate …

During the past decades, better understanding of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
disease mechanisms have led to the development of several disease-modifying therapies …

B cells are essential components of the adaptive immune system and have important roles
in the pathogenesis of several central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Besides producing …

Objective Gray matter (GM) damage and meningeal inflammation have been associated
with early disease onset and a more aggressive disease course in multiple sclerosis (MS) …