Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks in wild birds and poultry are no longer a
rare phenomenon in Europe. In the past 15 years, HPAI outbreaks—in particular those …

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) possess a great zoonotic potential as they are able to infect
different avian and mammalian animal hosts, from which they can be transmitted to humans …

Analyses of HPAI H5 viruses from poultry outbreaks across a wide Eurasian region since
July 2020 including the Russian Federation, Republics of Iraq and Kazakhstan, and recent …

Background Human infection with avian influenza A H7N9 virus emerged in eastern China
in February, 2013, and has been associated with exposure to poultry. We report the clinical …

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate globally, spilling over into domestic poultry and
causing zoonotic infections in humans. Fortunately, AIVs are not yet capable of causing …

Influenza A viruses cause respiratory infections that range from asymptomatic to deadly in
humans. Widespread outbreaks (pandemics) are attributable to 'novel'viruses that possess a …

Neuraminidase of influenza A and B viruses plays a critical role in the virus life cycle and is
an important target of the host immune system. Here, we highlight the current understanding …

The ecology of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has significantly changed
from sporadic outbreaks in terrestrial poultry to persistent circulation in terrestrial and aquatic …

ABSTRACT A deletion of about 20 amino acids in the stalk of the neuraminidase (NA) is
frequently detected upon transmission of influenza A viruses from waterfowl to domestic …

Two novel reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5N1) clade 2.3. 4.4 b. 2
were identified in dead migratory birds in China in November 2021. The viruses probably …