The endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria during eukaryogenesis has long been viewed as
an adaptive response to the oxygenation of Earth's surface environment, presuming a …

For over 100 years, endosymbiotic theories have figured in thoughts about the differences
between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. More than 20 different versions of endosymbiotic …

Eukaryotic life appears to have flourished surprisingly late in the history of our planet. This
view is based on the low diversity of diagnostic eukaryotic fossils in marine sediments of mid …

The rapid increase of carbon dioxide concentration in Earth's modern atmosphere is a
matter of major concern. But for the atmosphere of roughly two-and-half billion years ago …

Major insights into the phylogenetic distribution, biochemistry, and evolutionary significance
of organelles involved in ATP synthesis (energy metabolism) in eukaryotes that thrive in …

Production of molecular oxygen was a turning point in the Earth's history. The geological
record indicates the Great Oxidation Event, which marked a permanent transition to an …

Iron is a ubiquitous element in the universe. Ferrous iron (Fe (II)) was abundant in the
primordial ocean until the oxygenation of the Earth's atmosphere led to its widespread …

Eukaryotic organisms radiated in Proterozoic oceans with oxygenated surface waters, but,
commonly, anoxia at depth. Exceptionally preserved fossils of red algae favor crown group …

BACKGROUND Animals and land plants are the most diverse complex multicellular life-
forms on Earth, and their success intricately links a capacity for adhering cells to perform …

Anaerobic gut fungi represent a distinct early-branching fungal phylum (
Neocallimastigomycota) and reside in the rumen, hindgut, and feces of ruminant and …