The global scale-up of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy (ART) has led to dramatic reductions in
HIV-1 mortality and incidence. However, HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) poses a potential …

The efficacy of an antiretroviral (ARV) treatment regimen depends on the activity of the
regimen's individual ARV drugs and the number of HIV-1 mutations required for the …

Background Contemporary antiretroviral therapies (ART) and management strategies have
diminished both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment failure and the acquired …

Viral sequence classification has wide applications in clinical, epidemiological, structural
and functional categorization studies. Most existing approaches rely on an initial alignment …

Objective: To estimate the global and regional distribution of HIV-1 subtypes and
recombinants between 2000 and 2007. Design: Country-specific HIV-1 molecular …

Context Presence of low-frequency, or minority, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-
1) drug resistance mutations may adversely affect response to antiretroviral treatment (ART) …

Despite advances in antiretroviral therapy that have revolutionized HIV disease
management, effective control of the HIV infection pandemic remains elusive. Beyond the …

Introduction The 2016 WHO consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs
defines HIV virologic failure for low and middle income countries (LMIC) as plasma HIV …

In the mid-1990s, the clinical care of patients with HIV infection changed fundamentally as a
result of the development and introduction of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). This led …

Background Understanding HIV-1 subtype distribution and epidemiology can assist
preventive measures and clinical decisions. Sequence variation may affect antiviral drug …