▪ Abstract In this review, we highlight the progress made in the development of 4D ultrafast
electron diffraction (UED), crystallography (UEC), and microscopy (UEM) with a focus on …

One of the grand challenges in chemistry has been to directly observe atomic motions
during chemical processes. The depiction of the nuclear configurations in space-time to …

The ultrafast photoinduced ring-opening of 1, 3-cyclohexadiene constitutes a textbook
example of electrocyclic reactions in organic chemistry and a model for photobiological …

Structural rearrangements within single molecules occur on ultrafast time scales. Many
aspects of molecular dynamics, such as the energy flow through excited states, have been …

The recent interest in ultrafast diffraction has been stimulated by the potential of the
technique to provide a complete, global picture of structural dynamics on the femtosecond …

The modern electron microscope, as a result of recent revolutionary developments and
many evolutionary ones, now yields a wealth of quantitative knowledge pertaining to …

Observing the motion of the nuclear wave packets during a molecular reaction, in both
space and time, is crucial for understanding and controlling the outcome of photoinduced …

We present the advances in x-ray femtosecond pulse generation and the most recent
discoveries in the field of ultrashort (femtosecond) x-ray science. Nowadays x-rays show …

With properly timed sequences of ultrafast electron pulses, it is now possible to image
complex molecular structures in the four dimensions of space and time with resolutions of …

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