Introduction In bone tissue, bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by
osteoblasts are repeated continuously. Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that derive from …

Osteocytes, former osteoblasts encapsulated by mineralized bone matrix, are far from being
passive and metabolically inactive bone cells. Instead, osteocytes are multifunctional and …

Wnt, a secreted glycoprotein, has an approximate molecular weight of 40 kDa, and it is a
cytokine involved in various biological phenomena including ontogeny, morphogenesis …

After discovering that lack of Sost/sclerostin expression is the cause of the high bone mass
human syndromes Van Buchem disease and sclerosteosis, extensive animal …

Low bone mass and strength lead to fragility fractures, for example, in elderly individuals
affected by osteoporosis or children with osteogenesis imperfecta. A decade ago, rare …

Mesenchymal (stromal) stem cells (MSCs) constitute populations of mesodermal multipotent
cells involved in tissue regeneration and homeostasis in many different organs. Here we …

Exercise perturbs homeostasis, alters the levels of circulating mediators and hormones, and
increases the demand by skeletal muscles and other vital organs for energy substrates …

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) exerts profound effects on skeletal homeostasis through
multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms. Continuous hyperparathyroidism causes net …

Although bone responds to its mechanical environment, the cellular and molecular
mechanisms underlying the response of the skeleton to mechanical unloading are not …

Osteoporosis is a common disease with a strong genetic component characterized by
reduced bone mass, defects in the microarchitecture of bone tissue, and an increased risk of …