A major global effort to enable cost‐effective natural regeneration is needed to achieve
ambitious forest and landscape restoration goals. Natural forest regeneration can potentially …

A growing understanding of the ecology of seed dispersal has so far had little influence on
conservation practice, while the needs of conservation practice have had little influence on …

For decades, conservation and research initiatives in tropical forests have focused almost
exclusively on old-growth forests because scientists believed that these “pristine” …

Cultivation and cropping are major causes of destruction and degradation of natural
ecosystems throughout the world. We face the challenge of maintaining provisioning …

The pace of deforestation worldwide has necessitated the development of strategies that
restore forest cover quickly and efficiently. We review one potential strategy, applied …

Large‐scale and long‐term restoration efforts are urgently needed to reverse historical
global trends of deforestation and forest degradation in the tropics. Restoration of forests …

Applied nucleation, mostly based upon planting tree islands, has been proposed as a cost‐
effective strategy to meet ambitious global forest and landscape restoration targets. We …

Active forest restoration typically involves planting trees over large areas; this practice is
costly, however, and establishing homogeneous plantations may favour the recruitment of a …

The first few years of tropical forest restoration can be expensive, especially when applied to
expansive areas. In light of this, passive restoration has been recommended as a …

Natural regeneration of large-seeded, late-successional trees in fragmented tropical
landscapes can be strongly limited by a lack of seed dispersal resulting in the need for more …