▪ Abstract Mixed mating, in which hermaphrodite plant species reproduce by both self-and
cross-fertilization, presents a challenging problem for evolutionary biologists. Theory …

There is increasing evidence that human disturbance can negatively impact plant–pollinator
interactions such as outcross pollination. We present a meta-analysis of 22 studies involving …

Despite evidence of pollinator declines from many regions across the globe, the threat this
poses to plant populations is not clear because plants can often produce seeds without …

Many functional-ecological, morphological, and physiological-factors affect the occurrence
of selffertilization. Six modes of self-pollination are distinguished. These differ in whether …

I present a phenotypic model of the selection of self-fertilization that applies to any mode of
selfpollination. A novel factor, seed discounting-the loss of outcrossing maternal fitness …

In reward—producing animal—pollinated plants, small populations are likely to be less
attractive to pollinators than large populations. The likelihood of pollinator limitation of seed …

Many flowering plants exhibit dual reproductive modes, producing both sexual and asexual
offspring. The commonest form of asexual reproduction is clonal growth, in which vegetative …

Selfing, the fusion of male and female gametes from a single genetic individual or colony, is
possible in many plants and also in hermaphrodite animals. We review the occurrence of …

The evolution of self-fertilization in hermaphrodites is opposed by costs that decrease the
value of self progeny relative to that of outcross progeny,,. However, self-fertilization is …

Flowers of many angiosperm species are well adapted to avoid self-pollination, for &tame by
temporal aMd spatial separation of pollen and stigma within the same Power. However …