Abstract Changes in gene copy number are among the most frequent mutational events in
all genomes and were among the mutations for which a physical basis was first known. Yet …

Selfishness is pervasive and manifests at all scales of biology, from societies, to individuals,
to genetic elements within a genome. The relentless struggle to seek evolutionary …

Examples of extrachromosomal circular DNAs (eccDNAs) are found in many organisms, but
their impact on genetic variation at the genome scale has not been investigated. We …

In contrast to RNA viruses, double-stranded DNA viruses have low mutation rates yet must
still adapt rapidly in response to changing host defenses. To determine mechanisms of …

How the enormous structural and functional diversity of new genes and proteins was
generated (estimated to be 1010–1012 different proteins in all organisms on earth [Choi IG …

Gene copy-number differences due to gene duplications and deletions are rampant in
natural populations and play a crucial role in the evolution of genome complexity. Per-locus …

Evolutionary theory assumed that mutations occur constantly, gradually, and randomly over
time. This formulation from the “modern synthesis” of the 1930s was embraced decades …

Bacteria of the genus Salmonella comprise a large and evolutionary related population of
zoonotic pathogens that can infect mammals, including humans and domestic animals …

Germin-like proteins (GLPs) are involved in biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in different
plant species. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) genome contains about 40 GLP family member proteins …

Predicting evolutionary change poses numerous challenges. Here we take advantage of the
model bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens in which the genotype-to-phenotype map …