The neurotransmitter dopamine is a key factor in central nervous system (CNS) function,
regulating many processes including reward, movement, and cognition. Dopamine also …

Dopamine is well recognized as a neurotransmitter in the brain, and regulates critical
functions in a variety of peripheral systems. Growing research has also shown that …

Midbrain dopamine neurons are well known for their strong responses to rewards and their
critical role in positive motivation. It has become increasingly clear, however, that dopamine …

Introduction Pleasure and reward are generated by brain circuits that are largely shared
between humans and other animals. Discussion Here, we survey some fundamental topics …

The fundamental principle that unites addictive drugs appears to be that each enhances
synaptic dopamine by means that dissociate it from normal behavioral control, so that they …

Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) has been used for over 20 years to study rapid
neurotransmission in awake and behaving animals. These experiments were first carried out …

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are secreted by neurons and relay messages to target
cells. The goal of in vivo electrochemistry is to provide a real-time view of neurotransmitters …

Tonic and phasic dopamine release is implicated in learning, motivation, and motor
functions. However, the relationship between spike patterns in dopaminergic neurons, the …

Relief from pain in humans is rewarding and pleasurable. Primary rewards, or reward-
predictive cues, are encoded in brain reward/motivational circuits. While considerable …

Neurotransmission operates on a millisecond timescale but is changed by normal
experience or neuropathology over days to months. Despite the importance of long-term …