Prior studies demonstrating a relationship between racial context and levels of crime control
have not explicitly examined the factors that may account for this relationship. The authors …

The concept of group threat—also known as social threat, racial threat, or minority threat—
that motivates substantial criminological inquiry, both theoretical and empirical, have its …

The Hispanic population is now the largest and fastest growing minority in the United States,
so it is not surprising that ethnic threat linked to Hispanics has been associated with harsher …

Abstract Designation as a “Habitual Offender” is an enhanced form of punishment which
unlike,“Three Strikes” or “10-20-Life,” is entirely discretionary. We use Hierarchical …

Crime in most urban areas has been falling since 1991. While the decline has been well-
documented, few scholars have analyzed which groups have most benefited from the crime …

American schools have become increasingly punitive and characterized by racial and ethnic
disparities in punishment outcomes. Scholarship on the causes and consequences of this …

Minority threat theory has been used to explain sentencing decisions, but rarely has the
theory's logic been assessed by examining changes in threat. Building on prior theoretical …

Recent empirical analyses of the social factors that predict municipal police force size
support racial threat theory by suggesting that the racial composition of cities leads to …

Tests of the minority threat theoretical perspective have established that the common
association made between crime and Black and Hispanic males is manifested, to some …

Previous studies have shown that as the percent black or percent Hispanic grows, that
groups residential segregation from whites tends to increase as well. Typically, these …