Neuronal dysfunction initiates several intracellular signaling cascades to release different
proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as various reactive oxygen species. In …

Recent studies suggest that the heart possesses an innate immune system that is intended
to delimit tissue injury, as well as orchestrate homoeostatic responses, within the heart. The …

Neuroprotection and brain repair in patients after acute brain damage are still major
unfulfilled medical needs. Pharmacological treatments are either ineffective or confounded …

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. A strong inflammatory response
characterized by activation and release of cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and …

Background—Stroke is the second to third leading cause of death. Toll-like receptor 4
(TLR4) is a signaling receptor in innate immunity that is a specific immunologic response to …

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) or pattern recognition receptors respond to pathogen‐associated
molecular patterns (PAMPs) or internal damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) …

The innate immune system detects highly conserved, relatively invariant structural motifs of
pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been identified as the primary innate immune …

Stroke triggers an intense inflammatory response that could be a consequence of Toll-like
receptors (TLRs) activation. However, the clinical significance and the therapeutic …

A key part of the innate immune system is a network of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
and their associated intracellular signalling pathways. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are master regulators of innate immunity and play an integral role
in the activation of inflammatory response during infections. In addition, TLRs influence the …