Increasing evidence underlines that prototypical inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-
6) either synthesized in the central (CNS) or peripheral nervous system (PNS) by resident …

Epilepsy is the third most common chronic brain disorder, and is characterized by an
enduring predisposition to generate seizures. Despite progress in pharmacological and …

Over the past two decades it became evident that the immune system plays a central role in
modulating learning, memory and neural plasticity. Under normal quiescent conditions …

Background Epilepsy is a common and debilitating consequence of traumatic brain injury
(TBI). Seizures contribute to progressive neurodegeneration and poor functional and …

During the last decade, experimental research has demonstrated a prominent role of glial
cells, activated in brain by various injuries, in the mechanisms of seizure precipitation and …

Inflammation is increasingly recognized as being of both physiological and pathological
importance in the immature brain. The rationale of this review is to present an update on this …

Cytokines are molecules secreted by peripheral immune cells, microglia, astrocytes and
neurons in the central nervous system. Peripheral or central inflammation is characterized …

The immune system is well characterized for its critical role in host defense. Far beyond this
limited role however, there is mounting evidence for the vital role the immune system plays …

The manipulation of the enteric microbiota with specific prebiotics and probiotics, has been
shown to reduce the host's inflammatory response, alter brain chemistry, and modulate …

Peripheral inflammation leads to a number of centrally mediated physiological and
behavioral changes. The underlying mechanisms and the signaling pathways involved in …