To understand brain function, it is essential that we discover how cellular signaling specifies
normal and pathological brain function. In this regard, chemogenetic technologies represent …

Neurons that synthesize and release 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin) express a core
set of genes that establish and maintain this neurotransmitter phenotype and distinguish …

Serotonin neurons of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei (DR, MR) collectively innervate
the entire forebrain and midbrain, modulating diverse physiology and behavior. To gain a …

The serotonin system modulates a wide variety of emotional behaviors and states, including
reward processing, anxiety, and social interaction. To reveal the underlying patterns of …

The dorsal raphe (DR) constitutes a major serotonergic input to the forebrain and modulates
diverse functions and brain states, including mood, anxiety, and sensory and motor …

Neurons in the mammalian brain are not limited to releasing a single neurotransmitter but
often release multiple neurotransmitters onto postsynaptic cells. Here, we review recent …

Prolonged behavioral challenges can cause animals to switch from active to passive coping
strategies to manage effort-expenditure during stress; such normally adaptive behavioral …

Regulating how fast to learn is critical for flexible behavior. Learning about the
consequences of actions should be slow in stable environments, but accelerate when that …

Serotonin is implicated in mood and affective disorders. However, growing evidence
suggests that a core endogenous role is to promote flexible adaptation to changes in the …

The etiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), the leading cause of worldwide disability,
is unknown. The neurogenic hypothesis proposes that MDD is linked to impairments of adult …