It has been established that 4.4 to 20% of the general population suffers from a major
depressive disorder (MDD), which is frequently associated with a dysregulation of normal …

We review recent developments in the acute and long-term treatment of bipolar disorder and
identify promising future routes to therapeutic innovation. Overall, advances in drug …

Circadian rhythms are near 24-h patterns of physiology and behaviour that are present
independent of external cues including hormones, body temperature, mood, and sleep …

Circadian rhythms are 24-h rhythms in physiology and behaviour generated by molecular
clocks, which serve to coordinate internal time with the external world. The circadian system …

Background: Of all the psychiatric disorders associated with insomnia, depression is the
most common. It has been estimated that 90% of patients with depression complain about …

Sleep disturbances and circadian rhythm dysfunction have been widely demonstrated in
patients with bipolar disorder (BD). Irregularity of the sleep–wake rhythm, eveningness …

Circadian rhythm disturbances are a common symptom among individuals with mood
disorders. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), in the ventral part of the anterior …

Objective The aim of this article is to review progress in understanding the mechanisms that
underlie circadian and sleep rhythms, and their role in the pathogenesis and treatment of …

The microbiota-gut-brain axis encompasses a bidirectional mode of communication
between the microorganisms residing in our gut, and our brain function and behavior. The …

Synchronizing circadian (24 h) rhythms in physiology and behavior with the environmental
light-dark cycle is critical for maintaining optimal health. Dysregulation of the circadian …