Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges and subarachnoid space that can also involve
the brain cortex and parenchyma. It can be acquired spontaneously in the community …

Innate immunity is a constitutive component of the central nervous system (CNS) and relies
strongly on resident myeloid cells, the microglia. However, evidence is emerging that the …

Pneumococcal meningitis continues to be associated with high rates of mortality and long-
term neurological sequelae. The most common route of infection starts by nasopharyngeal …

The discovery of mammalian TLRs (Toll-like receptors), first identified in 1997 based on their
homology with Drosophila Toll, greatly altered our understanding of how the innate immune …

Microglia are key players of the immune response in the central nervous system (CNS) and,
being the resident innate immune cells, they are responsible for the early control of …

Bacterial infections following influenza are an important cause of morbidity and mortality
worldwide. Based on the historical importance of pneumonia as a cause of death during …

Abstract Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 play a pivotal role in recognition of Candida
albicans. We demonstrate that TLR2−/− mice are more resistant to disseminated Candida …

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern‐recognition receptors expressed on cells of
the innate immune system that allow for the recognition of conserved structural motifs on a …

The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) of the innate immune system detect host invasion by
pathogens and initiate immune responses. All of the TLRs use the adaptor MyD88 to …

The nuclear protein high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB-1) promotes inflammation in sepsis,
but little is known about its role in brain ischemia-induced inflammation. We report that …