Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) contribute a majority of rainfall over tropical oceans.
However, our understanding of the environmental controls on tropical oceanic MCS …

This article introduces an analytic formula for entraining convective available potential
energy (ECAPE) with an entrainment rate that is determined directly from an environmental …

Sufficient low-level storm-relative flow is a necessary ingredient for sustained supercell
thunderstorms and is connected to supercell updraft width. Assuming a supercell exists, the …

The development and intensification of low-level mesocyclones in supercell thunderstorms
have often been attributed, at least in part, to augmented streamwise vorticity generated …

This study evaluates a hypothesis for the role of vertical wind shear in deep convection
initiation (DCI) that was introduced in Part I by examining behavior of a series of numerical …

This study synthesizes the results of 13 high-resolution simulations of deep convective
updrafts forming over idealized terrain using environments observed during the …

Properly capturing the transition from shallow to deep convection remains a major
shortcoming of numerical weather and climate models due to poor understanding of the …

Westerly wind bursts (WWBs), aperiodic burst-like atmospheric disturbances in the tropics,
play an important role during the development stage of El Niño–Southern Oscillation …

The initiation of thunderstorms in environments characterized by strong wind shear presents
a forecast challenge because of the complexities of the interactions between growing …

Abstract The National Weather Service plays a critical role in alerting the public when
dangerous weather occurs. Tornado warnings are one of the most publicly visible products …