What is known about the biological activity of fish cytokines is reviewed. Most of the
functional studies performed to date have been in teleost fish, and have focused on the …

Starting out as a model for developmental biology, during the last decade, zebrafish have
also gained the attention of the immunologists and oncologists. Due to its small size, high …

Cartilaginous and bony fish are the most primitive vertebrates with a thymus, and possess T
cells equivalent to those in mammals. There are a number of studies in fish demonstrating …

The zebrafish has proven to be a valuable model organism for studying hematopoiesis, but
relatively little is known about zebrafish immune cell development and functional diversity …

CD4+ T cells are at the nexus of the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system.
However, little is known about the evolutionary history of CD4+ T cells, and it is unclear …

Tetrapods contain a single CD4 coreceptor with four Ig domains that likely arose from a
primordial two-domain ancestor. Notably, teleost fish contain two CD4 genes. Like tetrapod …

Cluster of differentiation (CD) antigens are cell surface molecules expressed on leukocytes
and other cells associated with the immune system. Antibodies that react with CD antigens …

CD4 is a nonpolymorphic transmembrane glycoprotein molecule that is expressed on the
surface of T-helper cells and plays an essential role in the immune response. It functions as …

In bony fish, the gill filaments are essential for gas exchanges, but also are vulnerable to
infection by water-borne microorganisms. Omnipresent across fish, gill-associated lymphoid …

T lymphocytes are key cellular components of the adaptive immune system and play a
central role in cell-mediated immunity in vertebrates. Despite their heterogeneities, it is …