Currently, despite the use of a preventive vaccine for several decades as well as the use of
effective and well-tolerated viral suppressive medications since 1998, approximately 250 …

Monoinfection with either hepatitis B (HBV) or C virus (HCV) represents one of the major
causes of chronic liver disease globally. However, in endemic areas a substantial number of …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) share common mode of transmission
and both are able to induce a chronic infection. Dual HBV/HCV chronic coinfection is a fairly …

Summary Background Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection is a risk factor for both the
development of end‐stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Globally …

Human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus are three blood-
borne viruses that can cause major global health issues by increasing severe morbidity …

Objective Recent evidence indicates a crucial role of the immunoinhibitory receptor
programmed death-1 (PD-1) in enforcing T-cell dysfunction during chronic viral infection and …

Globally, more than 2 billion people are estimated to have been exposed to the hepatitis B
virus (HBV), 1 and approximately 292 million are chronically infected, 2 making chronic …

Introduction: Despite the reciprocal inhibition exerted by HBV and HCV genomes, dual
HBV/HCV infection is associated with more severe forms of liver disease and warrant …

Autoimmune liver diseases are attributed to a complex interplay of biologic, acquired, and
environmental factors. Increased prevalence, later stage at presentation, worse response to …

Autoimmune liver diseases are attributed to a complex interplay of biologic, acquired, and
environmental factors. Increased prevalence, later stage at presentation, worse response to …