Respiration is a brain function on which our lives essentially depend. Control of respiration
ensures that the frequency and depth of breathing adapt continuously to metabolic needs. In …

Breathing is a vital rhythmic motor behavior with a surprisingly broad influence on the brain
and body. The apparent simplicity of breathing belies a complex neural control system, the …

Twenty‐five years ago, a new physiological preparation called the working heart–brainstem
preparation (WHBP) was introduced with the claim it would provide a new platform allowing …

Collectively, the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) and adjacent C1 neurons regulate breathing,
circulation and the state of vigilance, but previous methods to manipulate the activity of these …

The retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) contains chemosensitive cells that distribute CO2-
dependent excitatory drive to the respiratory network. This drive facilitates the function of the …

The retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) regulates breathing in a CO2‐and state‐dependent
manner. RTN neurons are glutamatergic and innervate principally the respiratory pattern …

Breathing at rest is typically characterized by three phases: active inspiration, post-
inspiration (or stage 1 expiration), and passive expiration (or stage 2 expiration). Breathing …

Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS) is a rare autism spectrum-like disorder characterized by
intellectual disability, developmental delays, and breathing problems involving episodes of …

Key points Contraction of abdominal muscles at the end of expiration during metabolic
challenges (such as hypercapnia and hypoxia) improves pulmonary ventilation. The …

Coordination of respiratory pump and valve muscle activity is essential for normal breathing.
A hallmark respiratory response to hypercapnia and hypoxia is the emergence of active …