Herein, we review the multifaceted roles of proline in cell biology. This peculiar cyclic imino
acid is:(i) A main precursor of extracellular collagens (the most abundant human proteins) …

In recent years, vast amounts of data on the mechanisms of neural de-and regeneration
have accumulated. However, only in disproportionally few cases has this led to efficient …

Many plants accumulate organic osmolytes in response to the imposition of environmental
stresses that cause cellular dehydration. Although an adaptive role for these compounds in …

Small organic molecules termed osmolytes are harnessed by a variety of cell types in a wide
range of organisms to counter unfavorable physiological conditions that challenge protein …

The in vitro refolding of hen egg-white lysozyme is studied in the presence of various
osmolytes. Proline is found to prevent aggregation during protein refolding. However, other …

Background Aggregation of unfolded proteins occurs mainly through the exposed
hydrophobic surfaces. Any mechanism of inhibition of this aggregation should explain the …

During the fermentation of sake, cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are exposed to high
concentrations of ethanol, thereby damaging the cell membrane and functional proteins. l …

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is an insect of tropical origin. Its larval stage is
evolutionarily adapted for rapid growth and development under warm conditions and shows …

Compatible osmolytes accumulate in the cell cytoplasm in order to protect the structure of
proteins and enzymes under abiotic stresses. It is assumed that the osmolyte hydration is …

In cool-temperate regions, faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is mainly grown as a spring crop despite
the higher yield potential of the winter type, because of the insufficient winter-hardiness of …