Macrophages are found in tissues, body cavities, and mucosal surfaces. Most tissue
macrophages are seeded in the early embryo before definitive hematopoiesis is …

Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is in charge of numerous
catabolic and anabolic signaling pathways to sustain appropriate intracellular adenosine …

Metformin is an oral hypoglycemic agent which is most widely used as first-line therapy for
type 2 diabetes. Metformin improves hyperglycemia by suppressing hepatic glucose …

Atherosclerosis develops preferentially at branches and curvatures of the arterial tree, where
blood flow pattern is disturbed rather than being laminar, and wall shear stress has an …

Rationale: Endothelial dysfunction plays an integral role in pulmonary hypertension (PH).
AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) and ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) are …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that attacks almost every
organ. The condition mostly happens to adults but is also found in children, and the latter …

Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)–activated protein kinase (AMPK) acts as a master
regulator of cellular energy homeostasis by directly phosphorylating metabolic enzymes and …

Cardiovascular mortality is a major cause of death among in type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is a well-known important risk factor for the development of …

As a first-line treatment for diabetes, the insulin-sensitizing biguanide, metformin, regulates
glucose levels and positively affects cardiovascular function in patients with diabetes and …

Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality
worldwide. Endothelial dysfunction is a key player in the initiation and progression of …