An estimated 20–25% of the population is affected by chronic, non-communicable
inflammatory skin diseases. Chronic skin inflammation has many causes. Among the most …

Pemphigus is a group of IgG-mediated autoimmune diseases of stratified squamous
epithelia, such as the skin and oral mucosa, in which acantholysis (the loss of cell adhesion) …

Background High doses of corticosteroids are considered the standard treatment for
pemphigus. Because long-term corticosteroid treatment can cause severe and even life …

Autoantibodies are frequently observed in healthy individuals. In a minority of these
individuals, they lead to manifestation of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis …

Bullous pemphigoid is the most frequent autoimmune bullous disease and mainly affects
elderly individuals. Increase in incidence rates in the past decades has been attributed to …

Pemphigoid diseases are a group of well defined autoimmune disorders that are
characterised by autoantibodies against structural proteins of the dermal–epidermal junction …

Pemphigus forms a group of rare autoimmune bullous diseases that affect the skin and
mucous membranes. This group has a chronic course leading to high morbidity and …

Abstract Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors (DPP4is) are oral anti-diabetic drugs
(OADs) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) through inhibiting the …

Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is the most common type of subepidermal autoimmune bullous
diseases. BP characteristically affects the elderly and is seen mainly in patients older than …

Pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid are autoantibody-mediated blistering skin diseases. In
pemphigus, keratinocytes in epidermis and mucous membranes lose cell-cell adhesion, and …