The vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and their receptors (VEGFRs) play crucial
roles in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Angiogenesis is an important mechanism in …

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) play an important role in a variety of cellular processes
including growth, motility, differentiation, and metabolism. As such, dysregulation of RTK …

Recent structural studies of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) have revealed unexpected
diversity in the mechanisms of their activation by growth factor ligands. Strategies for …

Four major receptor families enable cells to respond to chemical and physical signals from
their proximal environment. The ligand-and voltage-gated ion channels, G-protein-coupled …

The Eph receptors are the largest of the RTK families. Like other RTKs, they transduce
signals from the cell exterior to the interior through ligand-induced activation of their kinase …

FLT3 is a receptor tyrosine kinase expressed by immature hematopoietic cells and is
important for the normal development of stem cells and the immune system. The ligand for …

Protein kinases operate in a large number of distinct signaling pathways, where the tight
regulation of their catalytic activity is crucial to the development and maintenance of …

Despite all of the progress in understanding its molecular biology and pathogenesis,
glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive types of cancers, and without an efficient …

The sequencing of complete genomes provides a list that includes the proteins responsible
for cellular regulation. However, this does not immediately reveal what these proteins do …

There are currently at least forty-six unique protein kinase crystal structures, twenty-four of
which are available in an active state. Here we examine these structures using a structural …