Butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) are one of the most studied, diverse, and widespread
animal groups, making them an ideal model for climate change research. They are a …

Temperature profoundly impacts both the phenotypes and distributions of organisms. These
thermal effects exert strong selective pressures on behaviour, physiology and life history …

We analyze the effects of changing patterns of thermal availability, in space and time, on the
performance of small ectotherms. We approach this problem by breaking it into a series of …

Insects are the most ecologically important multicellular heterotrophs in terrestrial systems.
They play critical roles in ecological food webs, remain devastating agricultural and medical …

As ectothermic organisms, butterflies have widely been used as models to explore the
predicted impacts of climate change. However, most studies explore only one life stage; to …

The mechanisms and functions of reversible colour change in arthropods are highly diverse
despite, or perhaps due to, the presence of an exoskeleton. Physiological colour changes …

Predicting the effects of climate warming on insect pollinators is challenging. Insects are
small, mobile, and can be excellent thermoregulators. We describe behavioral and …

Organisms can often respond adaptively to a change in their environment through
phenotypic plasticity in multiple traits, a phenomenon termed as multivariate plasticity. These …

Caterpillars have a great capacity for rapid weight gain, but to reap the benefits of this
capacity, larvae must be able to survive in a hostile environment and emerge as adults at the …

The present study used the mountain specialist butterfly Parnassius apollo as a model
system to investigate how climate change may alter habitat requirements for species at their …