Nanoparticles (NPs) modified by cell membranes represent an emerging biomimetic
platform that can mimic the innate biological functions resulting from the various cell …

Extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated communication between proximal and distant cells is a
highly conserved characteristic in all of the life domains, including bacteria. These vesicles …

Advances in genetic engineering have enabled the use of bacterial outer membrane
vesicles (OMVs) to deliver vaccines, drugs and immunotherapy agents, as a strategy to …

Cancer therapy is undergoing a paradigm shift toward immunotherapy focusing on various
approaches to activate the host immune system. As research to identify appropriate immune …

Organophosphate compounds are ubiquitously employed as agricultural pesticides and
maintained as chemical warfare agents by several nations. These compounds are highly …

Bacteria release extracellular vesicles (EVs) known as bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs)
during their normal growth. Gram-negative bacteria produce BMVs termed outer membrane …

Recent reports have shown that Gram-positive bacteria actively secrete spherical nanometer-
sized proteoliposome membrane vesicles (MVs) into their surroundings. Though MVs are …

Bacterial outer membrane vesicle (OMV) is a kind of spherical lipid bilayer nanostructure
naturally secreted by bacteria, which has diverse functions such as intracellular and …

Cancer vaccines have been extensively studied in recent years and have contributed to
exceptional achievements in cancer treatment. They are some of the most newly developed …

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are nanoscale spherical vesicles released from Gram‐
negative bacteria. The lipid bilayer membrane structure of OMVs consists of similar …