In recent years, powerful genetic code reprogramming methods have emerged that allow
new functional components to be embedded into proteins as noncanonical amino acid …

Over 500 natural and synthetic amino acids have been genetically encoded in the last two
decades. Incorporating these noncanonical amino acids into proteins enables many …

In the past 15 years, there have been rapid developments in the ability to cotranslationally
incorporate unnatural amino acids into proteins produced in cells, both at defined sites via …

Over the past 16 years, genetic code expansion and reprogramming in living organisms has
been transformed by advances that leverage the unique properties of pyrrolysyl-tRNA …

Over the last decade, the ability to genetically encode unnatural amino acids (UAAs) has
evolved rapidly. The programmed incorporation of UAAs into recombinant proteins relies on …

Genetic code expansion and reprogramming enable the site-specific incorporation of
diverse designer amino acids into proteins produced in cells and animals. Recent advances …

The genetic incorporation of the 22nd proteinogenic amino acid, pyrrolysine (Pyl) at amber
codon is achieved by the action of pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS) together with its …

Protein lysine methylation is a distinct posttranslational modification that causes minimal
changes in the size and electrostatic status of lysine residues. Lysine methylation plays …

Designer amino acids, beyond the canonical 20 that are normally used by cells, can now be
site-specifically encoded into proteins in cells and organisms. This is achieved …

Dehydroalanine is a synthetic precursor to a wide array of protein modifications. We
describe multiple methods for the chemical conversion of cysteine to dehydroalanine on …