There were multiple prerequisites to the evolution of multicellular animal life, including the
generation of multiple cell fates (" cellular diversity") and their patterned spatial arrangement …

There is now compelling evidence that many arthropods pattern their segments using a
clock-and-wavefront mechanism, analogous to that operating during vertebrate …

Background The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a globally
invasive pest and plant virus vector on a wide array of food, fiber, and ornamental crops. The …

Abstract Background The Hemiptera (aphids, cicadas, and true bugs) are a key insect order,
with high diversity for feeding ecology and excellent experimental tractability for molecular …

The crosstalk of multiple cellular signaling pathways is crucial in animal development and
tissue homeostasis, and its dysregulation may result in tumor formation and metastasis. The …

Gene expression has been employed for homologizing body regions across bilateria. The
molecular comparison of vertebrate and fly brains has led to a number of disputed homology …

Long-germ insects, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, pattern their segments
simultaneously, whereas short-germ insects, such as the beetle Tribolium castaneum …

Modular body organization is found widely across multicellular organisms, and some of
them form repetitive modular structures via the process of segmentation. It's vastly interesting …

Background Sox (S ry-related high-mobility-group b ox) genes represent important factors in
animal development. Relatively little, however, is known about the embryonic expression …

In short-germ arthropods, posterior segments are added sequentially from a segment
addition zone (SAZ) during embryogenesis. Studies in spiders such as Parasteatoda …