Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by a low glomerular filtration rate or high
albuminuria, and affects 15–20% of adults globally. CKD increases the risk of various …

Nitric oxide (NO) is a small free radical with critical signaling roles in physiology and
pathophysiology. The generation of sufficient NO levels to regulate the resistance of the …

Arginine (L-arginine), is an amino acid involved in a number of biological processes,
including the biosynthesis of proteins, host immune response, urea cycle, and nitric oxide …

The accurate definition and staging of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the major
achievements of modern nephrology. Intensive research is now being undertaken to unravel …

In this narrative review, the biological/biochemical impact (toxicity) of a large array of known
individual uremic retention solutes and groups of solutes is summarized. We classified these …

Hemodialysis (HD) patients are at high risk for all‐cause mortality and cardiovascular
events. In addition to traditional risk factors, excessive oxidative stress (OS) and chronic …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) typically evolves over many years, with a long latent period
when the disease is clinically silent and therefore diagnosis, evaluation and treatment is …

CKD frequently leads to chronic cardiac dysfunction. This complex relationship has been
termed as cardiorenal syndrome type 4 or cardio-renal link. Despite numerous studies and …

Environmental changes can induce diversity shifts within ecosystems that affect interactions
between species. Similarly, the development of kidney disease induces shifts within the …

Asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA and SDMA, respectively) are toxic, non-
proteinogenic amino acids formed by post-translational modification and are uremic toxins …