Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are the important mediators of inflammatory pathways in the gut
which play a major role in mediating the immune responses towards a wide variety of …

Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative
disorder, characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, significantly affecting patients' …

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the virus designated as severe
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread widely throughout the …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, is
involved in innate immunity and mediates inflammatory responses by recognizing …

Autophagy is an intracellular degradative process that occurs under several stressful
conditions, including organelle damage, the presence of abnormal proteins, and nutrient …

Bipolar disorders (BD) represent a severe leading disabling mental condition worldwide
characterized by episodic and often progressive mood fluctuations with manic and …

In multicellular organisms, cell death is a critical and active process that maintains tissue
homeostasis and eliminates potentially harmful cells. There are three major types of …

Stress-signaling pathways are evolutionarily conserved and play an important role in the
maintenance of homeostasis. These pathways are also critical for adaptation to new cellular …

Background COVID‐19 is currently a global pandemic, but the response of human immune
system to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is one relapsing and lifelong disease that affects millions
of patients worldwide. Increasing evidence has recently highlighted immune-system …