Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women, with estrogen receptor
positive (ER+) breast cancer making up approximately 75% of all breast cancers diagnosed …

Approved and marketed drugs are frequently studied in nonclinical models to evaluate the
potential application to additional disease indications or to gain insight about molecular …

Tamoxifen is biotransformed by CYP2D6 to 4‐hydroxytamoxifen and 4‐hydroxy N‐
desmethyl tamoxifen (endoxifen), both with greater antiestrogenic potency than the parent …

The importance and role of the estrogen receptor (ER) pathway has been well-documented
in both breast cancer (BC) development and progression. The treatment of choice in women …

For more than 25 years, tamoxifen has been the gold standard for the endocrine treatment of
all stages of oestrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer, and the World Health Organization …

Pharmacogenetics is the study of how interindividual variations in the DNA sequence of
specific genes affect drug response. This article highlights current pharmacogenetic …

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are structurally different compounds that
interact with intracellular estrogen receptors in target organs as estrogen receptor agonists …

The polymorphic nature of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes affects individual drug
response and adverse reactions to a great extent. This variation includes copy number …

Background: The efficacy of tamoxifen therapy for the treatment of breast cancer varies
widely among individuals. Plasma concentrations of the active tamoxifen metabolite …

Context The growth inhibitory effect of tamoxifen, which is used for the treatment of hormone
receptor–positive breast cancer, is mediated by its metabolites, 4-hydroxytamoxifen and …