This review explains the science behind the drive for global net zero emissions and why this
is needed to halt the ongoing rise in global temperatures. We document how the concept of …

The risks of climate change are enormous, threatening the lives and livelihoods of millions to
billions of people. The economic consequences of many of the complex risks associated …

Food security can be under threat due to climate change, which has the potential to alter
crop yield. Wheat, maize, and rice are major crops contributing to global food security. The …

As climate has warmed over recent years, a new pattern of more frequent and more intense
weather events has unfolded across the globe. Climate models simulate such changes in …

Climate models have continued to be developed and improved since the AR4, and many
models have been extended into Earth System models by including the representation of …

Bayesian optimization (BO) is increasingly employed in critical applications such as
materials design and drug discovery. An increasingly popular strategy in BO is to forgo the …

Climate projections continue to be marred by large uncertainties, which originate in
processes that need to be parameterized, such as clouds, convection, and ecosystems. But …

Equilibrium climate sensitivity characterizes the Earth's long-term global temperature
response to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration. It has reached almost iconic status …

This chapter assesses the scientific literature describing expectations for near-term climate
(present through mid-century). Unless otherwise stated," near-term" change and the …

We present a description of the ModelE2 version of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies
(GISS) General Circulation Model (GCM) and the configurations used in the simulations …