Motile cilia are highly complex hair-like organelles of epithelial cells lining the surface of
various organ systems. Genetic mutations (usually with autosomal recessive inheritance) …

BACKGROUND Infertility is a major issue in human reproductive health, affecting an
estimated 15% of couples worldwide. Infertility can result from disorders of sex development …

The core axoneme structure of both the motile cilium and sperm tail has the same
ultrastructural 9+ 2 microtubular arrangement. Thus, it can be expected that genetic defects …

Spermatozoa contain highly specialized structural features reflecting unique functions
required for fertilization. Among them, the flagellum is a sperm-specific organelle required to …

Sperm malformation is a direct factor for male infertility. Multiple morphological abnormalities
of the flagella (MMAF), a severe form of asthenoteratozoospermia, are characterized by …

STUDY QUESTION Which genes are confidently linked to human monogenic male
infertility? SUMMARY ANSWER Our systematic literature search and clinical validity …

Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) is the most severe form of male infertility and typically
incurable. Defining the genetic basis of NOA has proven challenging, and the most …

Aberrant sperm flagella impair sperm motility and cause male infertility, yet the genes which
have been identified in multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF) can only …

Multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF) is a severe form of
asthenoteratozoospermia. Although recent studies have revealed several MMAF-associated …

Male infertility is a major health concern. Among its different causes, multiple morphological
abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF) induces asthenozoospermia and is one of the most …