Libya is suffering from a freshwater shortage as most of its land is semi-arid to arid with very
low precipitation rates and too limited freshwater sources. Libya is in one of the driest …

1.1 Background About 75% of earth's surface is covered by water. Unfortunately, about
97.5% of this water is salt water present in seas and oceans. Only, about 2.5% of it, is fresh …

In the present work, an experimental study of the thermal gradient effect on the reverse
osmosis process is performed to evaluate pure water penetration and water production …

Various solar-powered cooling technologies exist, yet their business sector penetration level
is relatively low because of the high capital costs involved with a long pay-back period …

Solar energy has been actively used to drive cooling cycles for domestic and industrial
applications, especially in remote areas with a lack of electricity supply for running …

The application of solar energy is one prospective solution to meet the sharp increase in
global energy demand and alleviate the environmental issues, caused by the use of fossil …

Scarcity of potable water as the result of rapid climate change and saltwater intrusion in
groundwater has been a major problem in the coastal regions over the world. In equinoctial …