Diabetic retinopathy is the most frequently occurring complication of diabetes mellitus and
remains a leading cause of vision loss globally. Its aetiology and pathology have been …

Diabetes is a disease that can be treated with oral antidiabetic agents and/or insulin.
However, patients' metabolic control is inadequate in a high percentage of them and a major …

Long-term postprandial hyperglycemia is a primary risk factor for developing chronic
metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Chronic …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a diabetic complication which affects retinal function and results
in severe loss of vision and relevant retinal diseases. Retinal vascular dysfunction caused …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common and devastating microvascular complication of
diabetes and a major cause of acquired blindness in young adults. Advanced glycation end …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a primary cause of visual impairment worldwide. Diabetes
mellitus may be associated with ophthalmoscopically nonvisible neurovascular damage that …

Diabetic retinopathy is a tissue-specific neurovascular impairment of the retina in patients
with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Several pathological factors are involved in the …

Redox homeostasis is a delicate balancing act of maintaining appropriate levels of
antioxidant defense mechanisms and reactive oxidizing oxygen and nitrogen species. Any …

Imbalance in the tissue microenvironment is the main obstacle to drug delivery and
distribution in the human body. Before penetrating the pathological tissue microenvironment …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of visual impairment in the working-
age population. DR is a progressive eye disease caused by long-term accumulation of …