The urothelium, which lines the renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, and proximal urethra,
forms a high-resistance but adaptable barrier that surveils its mechanochemical …

Glaucoma is one of the most common causes of blindness, thus seriously affecting people's
health and quality of life. The topical medical therapy is as the first line treatment in the …

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension are highly prevalent worldwide health problems
and frequently associated with severe clinical complications, such as diabetic …

Extracellular ATP and its ultimate degradation product adenosine are potent extracellular
signaling molecules that elicit a variety of pathophysiological pathways in retina through the …

The adenosine A2B receptor (A2BAR) belongs to the rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled
receptor (GPCR) family. It is upregulated under hypoxic conditions, in inflammation and …

Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common neurological disorders that often affects
people in the prime of their lives, leading to a significant reduction in their quality of life …

Sleep is a natural and recurring state of life. Long-term insomnia can lead to physical and
mental fatigue, inattention, memory loss, anxiety, depression and other symptoms, imposing …

Adenosine is a nucleoside involved in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Its effects are
mediated through its binding to G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2a, A2b and A3. The …

The pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2), is complex and involves dysregulated immune …

Pain is characterized by the unpleasant sensory and emotional sensation associated with
actual or potential tissue damage, whereas nociception refers to the mechanism by which …