A deeper phylogenetic understanding of ancient patterns of diversification would contribute
to solving many problems in evolutionary biology, yet many of these phylogenies remain …

The integration of evolutionary biology with developmental genetics into the hybrid field of
'evo-devo'resulted in major advances in understanding multicellular development and …

Living things are organized in a hierarchy of levels. Genes group together in cells, cells
group together in organisms, and organisms group together in societies. Even different …

A major evolutionary transition to eusociality with reproductive division of labor between
queens and workers has arisen independently at least 10 times in the ants, bees, and …

Stingless bees (Meliponini) are one of only two highly eusocial bees, the other being the
well studied honey bee (Apini). Unlike Apini, with only 11 species in the single genus Apis …

Background Cyanobacteria are one of the oldest and morphologically most diverse
prokaryotic phyla on our planet. The early development of an oxygen-containing …

Abstract Bumble bees (Bombus Latreille) occupy a wide diversity of habitats, from alpine
meadows to lowland tropical forest, yet they appear to be similar in morphology throughout …

We analyzed 12 combined mitochondrial and nuclear gene datasets in seven orders of
insects using both equal weights parsimony (to evaluate phylogenetic utility) and Bayesian …

Bees, the largest (> 16,000 species) and most important radiation of pollinating insects,
originated in early to mid-Cretaceous, roughly in synchrony with the angiosperms (flowering …

Bumble bees (Bombus) are a cold-adapted, largely alpine group that can elucidate patterns
of Holarctic historical biogeography, particularly in comparison to the alpine plants with …