Reactogenicity represents the physical manifestation of the inflammatory response to
vaccination, and can include injection-site pain, redness, swelling or induration at the …

Background: Immunization is regarded as one of the most significant medical achievements
of all time. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to the pain resulting from routine …

COVID-19 vaccines have shown high efficacy, with most side effects being mild–moderate
and more frequently reported by females and people at younger ages. Since no studies …

Background: Vaccine injections are the most common reason for iatrogenic pain in
childhood. With the steadily increasing number of recommended vaccinations, there has …

Background: Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine was the first of all coronavirus disease (COVID)
vaccines to be used in Saudi Arabia. There have been over 17 million doses already …

The delivery of nucleic acid vaccine to stimulate host immune responses against
Coronavirus disease 2019 shows promise. However, nucleic acid vaccines have …

Public health vaccination guidelines cannot be easily transferred to elite athletes. An
enhanced benefit from preventing even mild diseases is obvious but stronger interference …

Background Hypodermic needles of different sizes (gauges and lengths) can be used for
vaccination procedures. The gauge (G) refers to the outside diameter of the needle tubing …

Vaccines have to be administered via an appropriate route, ie a route, which is optimal
regarding safety, immunogenicity and practicability. In addition, there are factors, such as …

The “vaccine gap” is a term which has been used in Japan to indicate that the current
immunization program is behind compared to the programs in other developed countries …