The opioid system consists of three receptors, mu, delta, and kappa, which are activated by
endogenous opioid peptides processed from three protein precursors, proopiomelanocortin …

This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

Back-translating the clinical manifestations of human disease burden into animal models is
increasingly recognized as an important facet of preclinical drug discovery. We …

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) learning describes a phenomenon wherein an animal
learns to avoid consumption of a particular taste or food following its pairing with an aversive …

Enkephalin, an endogenous opioid peptide, is highly expressed in the reward pathway and
may modulate neurotransmission to regulate reward-related behaviors, such as drug-taking …

Drugs of abuse are typically discussed in terms of their rewarding effects and how these
effects mediate drug taking. However, these drugs produce aversive effects that could have …

Lewis rats show increased anxiety-like behaviors and drug consumption compared with
Sprague-Dawley rats. Prior work suggests norepinephrine (NE) signaling in the bed nucleus …

Background Cannabis exposure during adolescence is associated with emotional and
motivational alterations that may entail an enhanced risk of developing psychiatric disorders …

Today it is well acknowledged that both nature and nurture play important roles in the
genesis of psychopathologies, including drug addiction. Increasing evidence suggests that …

Dose–response studies are thought to be a valuable tool to predict the most genetically drug-
vulnerable individuals. However, dose–response curves for morphine self-administration …