Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are characterized by the production of autoreactive
lymphocytes, immune responses to self-antigens, and inflammation in related tissues and …

During host immune response, an initial and sufficient activation is required to avoid
infection and cancer, yet an excessive activation bears the risk of autoimmune reactivity and …

Background/purpose Autoimmune diseases are diseases in which the body produces an
abnormal immune response to self-antigens and damages its own tissues. Programmed …

The emergence of anti–cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (anti-CTLA-4), anti–programmed
cell death 1 ligand (anti–PD-1), and anti–PD-L1 antibodies as immune checkpoint inhibitors …

Background Uncontrolled immune response with T cell activation has a key role in the
pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc), a disorder that is characterized by generalized …

Cognate interactions between autoreactive B and T cells promote systemic lupus
erythematosus pathogenesis by inter alia facilitating spontaneous germinal center (GC) …

Co-signaling molecules include co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules and play
important roles in modulating immune responses. The roles of co-signaling molecules in …

Parkinson's disease (PD) devastates 6.3 million people, ranking it as one of the most
prevalent neurodegenerative motor disorders worldwide. PD patients may manifest …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are the standard of care for a growing number of
malignancies. Unfortunately, they are associated with a broad range of unique toxicities that …

Abstract Aims/hypothesis The CD28/B7 interaction is critical for both effector T cell activation
and forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)+ regulatory T cell (Treg) generation and homeostasis, which …