The replication of coronavirus, a family of important animal and human pathogens, is closely
associated with the cellular membrane compartments, especially the endoplasmic reticulum …

Interferons (IFNs) were discovered as cytokines induced during and protecting from viral
infection. They have been documented to play essential roles in numerous physiological …

Cytosolic bacterial pathogens activate the cytosolic surveillance pathway (CSP) and induce
innate immune responses, but how the host detects vacuolar pathogens like Mycobacterium …

Constitutive expression of interferons (IFNs) and activation of their signaling pathways have
pivotal roles in host responses to malignant cells in the tumor microenvironment. IFNs are …

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Polymorphisms in the IL28B gene have been associated with
clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV), indicating a role for type III interferons (IFNs) in HCV …

Mitochondria are regarded as the metabolic centers of cells and are integral in many other
cell processes, including the immune response. Each mitochondrion contains numerous …

BACKGROUND The incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)‐associated (HPV‐positive)
head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) of the oropharynx has dramatically …

Abstract Background The NF-κB and IRF transcription factor families are major players in
inflammation and antiviral response and act as two major effectors of the innate immune …

Coronavirus replication is structurally and functionally associated with the endoplasmic
reticulum (ER), a major site of protein synthesis, folding, modification and sorting in the …

Alphaherpesviruses are a large family of highly successful human and animal DNA viruses
that can establish lifelong latent infection in neurons. All alphaherpesviruses have a protein …