Allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis (AR), allergic asthma (AAS), atopic dermatitis (AD),
food allergy (FA), and eczema are systemic diseases caused by an impaired immune …

The mucosal surfaces of the gut and airways have important barrier functions and regulate
the induction of immunological tolerance. The rapidly increasing incidence of chronic …

Alternatively activated macrophages (AAM) play a crucial role in type 2 immunity. Mice
deficient in ST2, a receptor for the latest member of the IL-1 family, IL-33, have impaired type …

Advances in metagenomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and systems biology are providing a
new emphasis in research; interdisciplinary work suggests that personalized medicine is on …

Allergic asthma is a complex and chronic inflammatory disorder which is associated with
airway hyper-responsiveness and tissue remodelling of the airway structure. Although …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential components of innate immunity and provide
defensive inflammatory responses to invading pathogens. Located within the plasma …

Background & Aims: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent a class of transmembrane pattern
recognition receptors essential for microbial recognition and control of innate immune …

Abstract Type 2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) play a pivotal role in helminthic infection and
allergic disorders. CD4+ T cells which produce type 2 cytokines can be generated via IL-4 …

Clostridium difficile is the most common hospital acquired pathogen in the USA, and
infection is, in many cases, fatal. Toxins A and B are its major virulence factors, but …

IL-33 has emerged as an important mediator in the immunopathogenesis of allergy and
asthma. However, the role of IL-33 in eosinophil-mediated inflammation has not been fully …