Neuromodulation (neurostimulation) is a relatively new and rapidly growing treatment for
refractory epilepsy. Three varieties are approved in the US: vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) …

BACKGROUND Patients with refractory, bilateral, multifocal epilepsy have few treatment
options that typically include a combination of antiseizure medications (ASMs) and vagus …

The intralaminar thalamus, in particular the centromedian-parafascicular complex, forms a
strategic node between ascending information from the spinal cord and brainstem and …

The intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus play a pivotal role in awareness, conscious
experience, arousal, sleep, vigilance, as well as in cognitive, sensory, and sexual …

Objectives Up to 40% of patients with idiopathic generalised epilepsy (IGE) are drug
resistant and potentially could benefit from intracranial neuromodulation of the seizure …

Up to 20% of pediatric patients with primary generalized epilepsy (PGE) will not respond
effectively to medication for seizure control. Responsive neurostimulation (RNS) is a …

The centromedian (CM) and anterior nucleus of the thalamus (ANT) are deep brain
stimulation (DBS) targets for management of generalized, and focal drug resistant epilepsy …

Objectives Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the centromedian thalamic nucleus (CM) is an
emerging treatment for multiple brain diseases, including the drug-resistant epilepsy Lennox …

Introduction One-third of patients with epilepsy continue to have seizures despite
antiepileptic medications. Some of these refractory patients may not be candidates for …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS), specifically thalamic DBS, has achieved promising results to
reduce seizure severity and frequency in pharmacoresistant epilepsies, thereby establishing …